ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>Vaccine sequence of Neuraminidase BTB from previous research was studied by using swiss model server. Protein template was gotten from RSCB database by comparing the vaccine sequence with PDB database. HTY protein was used as a template for this vaccine. Template had 0.00e-1 E value, and 97% identity. The protein vaccine that has been modelled by swiss model had good quality as immune inducer. Base on ramachandran plot analysis, protein model 1, 2, and 3 have amino acid residues in favoured region higher than 70%. They are 82,0% and 78,2%. Model 1 has the lowest non glysine amino acid residues in disallowed region area, that is 0%. 3D Structure of vaccine had 2086 hits of similarity with database on NCBI</p><p> </p><p>Key words: comparing modelling, H5N1 vaccine, swiss model</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>Low-calorie watermelon flesh contains as much as 93.4% water, 0.5% protein, 5.3% carbohydrate, fat 0.1%, fiber 0.2%, ash 0.5%, Vitamin A, Vitamin B and vitamin C. Chemical content of watermelon, especially the carbohydrate content can be used as an ingredient to make nata de Citrullus. The nata formation is strongly influenced by the carbohydrate content, pH, nitrogen content in the substrate and stable environmental condition. The purpose of this study was to determine the best starter. This study was carried out from February to June 2011. The research design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 (six) treatments, namely coconut water starter (A), watermelon starter (B), pineapple skin starter (C), banana peels starter (D), bangkuang starter (E) and tomato starter (F). The parameters tested were the thickness of nata, wet weight and dry weight, firmness and organoleptic tests. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA and further test HSD at the level of 5% and 1%. The result of this study indicates that the use of a wide range of real starter do not affect the thickness. However there were significant difference at the level of 5% of the wet weight, and it was significantly different at the level of 1% of the dry weight. Finally, it does not affect significantly on organoleptic test (flavor, color, taste and texture).</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>Pollen is the male genitalia of plants. The pollen morphology can vary within a species and between species, so that it can be used as an identification tool. It also has contribution to other disciplines such as Paleobotany, Paleoecology, Palynology, Aeropalinologi, Medical and determination of honey quality. This study aims to reveal the pollen morphology of some species of Solanum. The Solanum which was studied were Solanum melongena var. serpentinum (purple and white fruit), Solanum melongena var. esculentum (purple and green fruit), Solanum tuberosum, Solanum torvum and Solanum ferox. The design of research is a descriptive study. The method used was asetolisis with 1% safranin staining in 70% alcohol. The characters pollen morphology observed were: units, polarity, symmetry, size, shape, or form surface ornamentation, number and type of aperture. The results showed the unit of single pollen (monads), with isopolar polarity, radial symmetry and size medium. The length of polar axis (P) ranged from 20 to 32.5, while the length of the equatorial diameter (E) ranged from 20 to 37.7, so the form of Solanum pollen can be classified into classes; <em>Oblate, Suboblate and Oblate spheroidal</em>. Aperture found was 3-4 aperture with the aperture found pore located at the equatorial type. In conclusion, several species of Solanum pollen have similarity in terms of units, polarity, symmetry, size and difference in terms of form and quantity of aperture.<strong></strong></p><span>Key words: pollen, solanum, identification</span>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>Termite <em>Coptotermes</em><em> sp.</em> is one of the most harmful types of termite class of Rhinotermitidae, Coptotermes genus. One of the controlling efforts is by using an extract of <em>Carica</em><em> papaya</em> leaves. This study aims at finding out the effectiveness of the leaf extract<em> Carica papaya</em> on the termite <em>Coptotermes</em><em> sp.</em> Mortality, as well as finding out the concentration of the extract of papaya C. leaf highly effecting on controlling the termites <em>Coptotermes sp.</em> This was an experimental research with Completely Randomized Sampling (CRS) in six extract treatments (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%) and 3 replications. The mortality data and the loss of feed were analyzed through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan test at 5% significance level. The lethal concentration (LC) and lethal time (LT) were analyzed by Probit analysis. The results showed that the leaf extract of <em>Carica</em><em> papaya</em> can be used to control termites and it functions most effectively at a concentration of 1.5%. The lethal concentration (LC) leaf extract of <em>Carica</em><em> papaya</em> is 0.005 and lethal time (LT) is 3.201 days.</p><p> </p><p>Key words: <em>Coptotermes sp</em>., extract of <em>Carica</em><em> papaya</em> leaves</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>Sirih merah (<em>piper crocatum ruiz & pav</em>) has been used, since ancient society, as drugs. The chemical compounds contained in red betel are as antibacterial, the compounds are: flavonoids, alkaloids. tannins and essential oils. The research has been conducted in order to determine the inhibition of red betel leaf extract (piper crocatum ruiz & pav) on the growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. This study uses RAL with 6 treatments and 3 replications: A treatment (red betel leaf extract 10%), B (red betel leaf extract 20%), C (red betel leaf extract 30%), D (red leaf extract 40%) , E (red betel leaf extract 50%) and F (amoxicilin 10%) as controls. The results showed no real influence with inhibition diameter on treatment A (6.69 mm), treatment B (8.88 mm), treatment C (7.76 mm), treatment D (9.53 mm), treatment E (12 , 79mm) and treatment F (9.45 mm). From staphylococcus aureus it was obtained significant results with a diameter of inhibition in treatment C (7.70 mm), treatment A (8.22 mm), treatment D (8.58 mm), treatment B (9.53 mm), treatment E (10.39 mm ) and treatment F (17.59 mm). The red betel leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus</p><p>Key words: Sirih merah, <em>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of well water in residential areas around the landfill of trash (TPA), Balai Gadang Aia Dingin, Padang, viewed from bacteriological aspects. This study was conducted from March to April 2012 in the Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Padang State University (UNP). Samples were taken using Proposive sampling method with 10 wells that are encountered by the first well of the landfill to the distance between 0-100 meters. This study uses Most Probable Number (MPN) using a two-stage testing is Presumtive Test and Confirmative Test with a combination of 3:3:3. can be concluded that the quality of well water residential areas around the landfill 90% did not meet the standards set by the Ministry of Health (KEPMENKES) No. RI. 492/MenKes/PER/IV/2010.</p><p> </p><span>Key words : TPA Aia Dingin Padang, bacterial aspects, quality of well water</span>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>The physical principle of flat coil sensor was based on the changing inductivity of a flat coil due to disturbance of conductive material in its electromagnetic fields, so that eddy current on the conductive material was occurred. The displacement between flat coil and conductive material was a function of the total inductance L of the sensor system, which will be measured as resonance frequency by using an inductive capacitive oscillator. The measurement system consists of a flat coil, oscillator circuit LC, multimeter and micrometer. In measuring, as independent variables were distance of object and time, while dependent variable was output voltage of flat coil sensor by using differential technique. Data was collected through two ways i.e. direct and indirect measurement. Then data was analyzed by using graph methods and error analysis. Data analysis shown that: 1). The output sensor without differential technique isn’t linear with distance of conductive material; 2). The output sensor with differential technique is inversely proportional with distance of conductive material with negative sensitivity 1,2783 Volt/mm ; 3). The precision of sensor was high with average of precision is 0,999, and 4). The stability of sensor was also high with small output voltage variation.</p><p> </p><strong>Key words: sensor, flat coil, characteristics, sensitivity, precision, stability</strong>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<div><p>Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a phenomenon that affects the activity patterns of convective clouds and rainfall, thus this study has the objective to analyze the characteristics of the MJO with increased rainfall due to convective activity over Padang. Daily rainfall data observed in seven observation stations analizing wavelet power spectrum to determine the pattern of rainfall in the region, further correlation it with the MJO. Important results obtained based on rainfall data is Padang has equatorial pattern. Correlation between the results obtained with the strong MJO rainfall is -0.54 to -0.687 in phase 3 and phase 4 is -0.564 to -0.69 with a confidence level of 90% -95%. These results indicate that strong MJO events in phase 3 and 4 do not directly affect the increase in precipitation, due to the phase difference and the lag at seven observation stations over Padang. Physically, out of phase and lag means that any strong MJO enters Padang occurs cloud growth process and after the strong MJO exit this area then who have formed the clouds turned into rain. For the above normal category, excess rainfall while strong MJO phase 3 is the observation station Simpang Alai and Tabing respectively 122% and 120%, as well as strong MJO phase 4 is the observation station of Gunung Sariak, Kasang, Gunung Nago, Batu Busuk and Ladang Padi sequential 118%, 116%, 123%, 119% and 117%.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Keywords: MJO, rainfall, wavelet</p><div> </div></div>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>This paper introduces the computer vision with the comparison of color methods to classify the variants of fruit (tomatoes, chilies, and apples) which is based on the level or stage of ripe. The color comparison method is quite simple; the tomato images captured by the camera (CCD) will be cropped partly. Then its characteristic color will be extracted and the color grade level will be calculated. The calculation of R (red), G (green) and B (blue) and the transformation of the color to Hue, Saturation, and Value was conducted in order to classify the fruit maturity. Thus, the ripe can be classified into 3, namely Ripe, Half-Ripe, and Un-ripe (not ripe). On contrary, over-ripe cannot be classified because the characteristics of the color is similar with the ripe tomato but the skin texture is slack, so it is not enough to characterize the color used to draw conclusion of being Over-ripe</p>Key words: image processing, computer vision, RGB, HVS
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<div><p>The transition state formation’s mechanism of CO oxidation reaction by molecule of NO<sub>2</sub> has been done using ab-initio computation by Density Functional Theory (DFT). Geometry optimation was done by B3LYP and 6-31G* basis set using HyperGauss and HyperDFT computer software. The result is we hypothese that there was three transition state takes place, therewere <em>trans</em>-Transition State (KT<sub>t</sub>), <em>cis</em>-Transition State (KT<sub>c</sub>) and <em>cyclic</em>-Transition State (KT<sub>s</sub>). All of three was gradually takes place in a very short time intervals.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: density functional theory (DFT), geometry optimation, intermediate, transition state</p><div> </div></div>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;">Xylanase is an important enzyme for xylan degradation into xylan derivative compounds such as xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose and other oligoxylan. Xylan derivatives can be bioconverted into bioenergy (ethanol), food ingredients as well as pharmaceutical or nutraceutical goods. Some bacteria have been reported to produce xylanases using defferent kinds of agricultural wastes as a substrate. The objective of this experiment was to optimize the concentration of corn cobs as a carbon source and liquid tofu waste as nitrogen source on xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis AQ-1. A 2<sup>2</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>central composite experimental design was performed to optimize the corn cobs and liquid tofu waste concentration. A second order quadratic model and a response surface method showed that the optimum condition for xylanase production was 1.1 % (w/v) corn cobs and 0.00198 % (v/v) total N of liquid tofu waste with the highest xylanase production of 122.99 U/ml.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;">Key words: bacillus subtilis AQ-1, xylanase, corn cob, liquid tofu waste</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p>One of the pollutants that get into the water of the river in Padang city comes from waste rubber factory. The river water is still used for various purposes by the people including seeding and caring goldfish with uncertain products. Based on this situation, the research was done in order to find out the effect of the rubber waste on the viability and the seedling growth rate of goldfish. The research used completely randomized design with 5 and 10 treatments. The observation on the hatching eggs after 2 days of incubation at various treatment and measuring the body weight and length of the fish was done 5 times within five days. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA p <0.05 and BJND extended test. As the results it was found the highest average of viability was in treatment A (control) 76.7% and the lowest at treatment E 30%. Whereas there is no seed growth rate difference between treatments A (control) and B (5%), but significantly different p <0.05 with treatment C, D, and E. It can be concluded that the higher the concentration of waste rubber factory the lower goldfish viability. The concentration of factory waste up to 5% is not influential against the growth seedling goldfish.</p><p> </p><span>Key words: waste rubber, viability, gold fish egg</span>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<div style="text-align: left; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><em>School today are facing the difficult challenges of ensuring success for all students and fostering an empowered, enthusistic staff of lifelong. This article is about developing “resiliency”, a new paradigma of student development that offers schools a coherent. The foundation for the resiliency paradgma is a dramatic new perspective on how children and adolescence bounce back from stress, trauma, and risk in their lives that is emerging from the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. An understanding of resiliency, its importance, and the way schools can help students bounce back and evolve into more competent and successful learners is needed now more than ever. In this article, resiliency is defined and six-step plan of action for resiliency building is introduced.</em></p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>resiliensi remaja, mengatasi stress sekolah</div>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>As an innovator in educational thought in Indonesia, Mahmud Yunus has pioneered several innovated works. Among his innovated thoughts in education, especially in terms of educational institution are: grading the education levels in accordance with the age of pupils, establishing PGA (senior high schools for Islamic teaching teacher training), and ADIA (Academy of Islamic Studies) in Jakarta. In terms of teaching methods, Mahmud Yunus pioneered the application of Directs Methods (thariqal al- mubasyarah), in teaching Arabic. On of his important ideas deal with the nation that "methods of instruction are more important than that of material"(al thariqatu ahammu min al maddah). In curriculum field, he has already applied integrated curriculum which integrates knowledge in general sense and Islamic one.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata Kunci:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></strong>pemikiran, pendidikan</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<div id="articleTitle" style="text-align: left; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>As a part of the language of Samiyah, Arabic has its characteristics that makes it different from other language. Among its Specific features (characteristics), Arabic has phoneme (ashwat), vocabulary (mufradad), syntax (nahwu) and morphology (sharf). In some Arabic words, there are some specialties compared to those of other language that remains the great secret of the Arabic itself</em><em></em></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata Kunci</strong><strong>:</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> خصائص، أسرار، العربية<strong></strong></p></div>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>his article is a study about how to think in education. Thinking in education should be integrated in process of learning at colleges. In philosophy, thinking in education is one of means of education for critical thinking. Effectively, thinking in education used to study some problems in education. Thinking in education is metacognition. As a part metacognition, critical thinking applied in college will produced a high quality outcomes. In other words, learning process in colleges wich involved lecturers and students interaction if and appropriate process of building the critical thinking pattern. This pattern will effective if the process is formed integratedly the college policies. Since it will affect to all of educational aspect. It is hopped the result of critical thinking in education will be able to help people in drawing a conclusion as well as applying it in their real life.</em></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata kunci:</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>thinking, critical thinking, effective, education</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>This article discusses about an approach to create a good test for speaking and listening subject. The facts showed that many of the tests were created based on the teacher’s needs, not yet based on the goal of the test itself. As we know, there are kinds of approach to create a good test to test language ability; speaking, reading, writing and listening. One of them is a sociolinguistics approach. This approach is introduced to make the students aware of the test. To apply this approach, teacher must prepare a well-designed worksheet for the students. The worksheet must be written completely related to the sociolinguistics approach. In this article, the writer will explain the way of how to design a worksheet for the students especially in testing speaking and listening. </em></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Designing, worksheet, sociolinguistics, approach, testing</em></p><strong style="color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></strong>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>llah must have created universe, included mankind, with particular purposes. Among the purposes are to become His loyal servants, to represent Him as the caliph of the earth: to control and preserve nature and its entity, to be trusted by Him to manage the earth where other creatures were not able to assume such responsibility. The three purposes of creating mankind reflects high educational values. To worship is the main and the only reason for mankind to improve their faith to Allah. As a caliph of the earth, men are supposed to teach others to be come more professional in managing things and trusteeship teaches men to get closer and more responsible to Allah </em></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata kunci:</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>al-ibadah, al-khalifah, al-amanah, taklif dan keimanan</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
<p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><em>The problem of this research was what and how local discourse found in the script of mantiq as instructional material in traditional informal Islamic educational institution (surau). The method employed was basic method by referring to philological steps. The findings showed that: first, the way the Arabic letters were written did not show similarity to that of one of standard Arabic fonts among the Arabic speaking people. Second, there were meanings of vocabulary below the texts written in Minangkabaunese dialect using Malay-Arabic letters. The materials for mantiq, nahwu, and balaghah were found in single script (text). As the instructional materials, such three components support the competency for fluent speaking, appropriate logic and aesthetic choice of language as applied in pasambahan</em></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Kata Kunci:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></strong>wacana lokal, naskah mantiq, pendidikan surau.</p>
ASMUNI, ST., MM
2022 · Article · Open Access
Mediation in the settlement of consumer disputes at BPSK Bukittinggi Year 2014-2017 run effectively. 18 of the 33 cases registered inthe Bukittinggi BPSKfrom 2014 to July 2017 were settled by means of mediation, with the remaining 15 cases settled by arbitration. The effectiveness of such mediation is supported by Law no. 8 in 1999 and Kemendag no. 350 / MPP / Kep / 12/2001 which despite the perceived many weaknesses and need improvement, but with the presence of 9 members of the Bukittinggi BPSK assembly which majority of law educated and 3 of them are certified mediators and the existence of adequate facilities can be a counterweight and reinforcement mediation process as well as driving the legal culture of the parties to the dispute.<br /><br />
